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How Did We Get Here? The Tangled History of the Second Law of Thermodynamics

Stephen Wolfram

There was one major exception, however, in 1738, when—as part of his eclectic mathematical career spanning probability theory, elasticity theory, biostatistics, economics and more— Daniel Bernoulli (1700–1782) published his book on hydrodynamics.

Energy 88
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Don’t Give Up on Algebra: Let’s Shift the Focus to Instruction

National Science Foundation

Similarly, reformers have focused on the timing of the course, aiming to enroll students as early as possible to open pathways to calculus and to diversify access to higher level mathematics. Economics of Education Review, 58 , 141–161. Boaler & Leavitt, 2019). Let’s Not Be So Quick to Give Up on Algebra. Goodman, J. Gutiérrez, R.

Algebra 76
educators

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Five Most Productive Years: What Happened and What’s Next

Stephen Wolfram

Meanwhile I started thinking about the relationship of methods from the Physics Project to distributed computing, and to economics. In the end—after all sorts of philosophical arguments, and an analysis of actual historical data —the answer was: “It’s Complicated”. And, yes, in a sense this was my “to do” list.

Physics 110
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Even beyond Physics: Introducing Multicomputation as a Fourth General Paradigm for Theoretical Science

Stephen Wolfram

Events are like functions, whose “arguments” are incoming tokens, and whose output is one or more outgoing tokens. Economics. And this seems likely to be related to the origin of “value” in economics (or perhaps more so to the notion of a numéraire). And quite possibly there’s an analog of this in economic systems.

Physics 65
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Multicomputation: A Fourth Paradigm for Theoretical Science

Stephen Wolfram

Events are like functions, whose “arguments” are incoming tokens, and whose output is one or more outgoing tokens. Economics. And this seems likely to be related to the origin of “value” in economics (or perhaps more so to the notion of a numéraire). And quite possibly there’s an analog of this in economic systems.

Science 60
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The Concept of the Ruliad

Stephen Wolfram

The global structures of metamathematics , economics , linguistics and evolutionary biology seem likely to provide examples—and in each case we can expect that at the core is the ruliad, with its unique structure. But what about other models of computation—like cellular automata or register machines or lambda calculus?

Physics 116
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Remembering the Improbable Life of Ed Fredkin (1934–2023) and His World of Ideas and Stories

Stephen Wolfram

It didn’t help that his knowledge of physics was at best spotty (and, for example, I don’t think he ever really learned calculus). Richard Feynman and I would get into very fierce arguments. But suffice it say to that Ed’s old nemesis—calculus—comes in very handy. It’s just my nature.