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How Did We Get Here? The Tangled History of the Second Law of Thermodynamics

Stephen Wolfram

But he had a second hypothesis too—based, he said, on the ideas of “that most ingenious gentleman, Monsieur Descartes”: that instead air consists of “flexible particles” that are “so whirled around” that “each corpuscle endeavors to beat off all others”. And yes, in things like elastic collisions, this quantity did seem to be conserved.

Energy 90
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Launching Version 13.1 of Wolfram Language & Mathematica ??????

Stephen Wolfram

You can give Threaded as an argument to any listable function, not just Plus and Times : &#10005. we’re adding SymmetricDifference : find elements that (in the 2-argument case) are in one list or the other, but not both. Now we can use the path function to make a “spiralling” tour video: College Calculus. In Version 13.1

Calculus 116
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Computational Foundations for the Second Law of Thermodynamics

Stephen Wolfram

Sometimes textbooks will gloss over everything; sometimes they’ll give some kind of “common-sense-but-outside-of-physics argument”. With hard spheres there’s built-in conservation of energy, momentum and number of particles. The First Law of thermodynamics asserted that heat was a form of energy, and that overall energy was conserved.

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The Physicalization of Metamathematics and Its Implications for the Foundations of Mathematics

Stephen Wolfram

One can view a symbolic expression such as f[g[x][y, h[z]], w] as a hierarchical or tree structure , in which at every level some particular “head” (like f ) is “applied to” one or more arguments. and zero arguments: α[ ]. By the way, the shortest proof path in the multiway graph is the analog of a geodesic in spacetime.

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Even beyond Physics: Introducing Multicomputation as a Fourth General Paradigm for Theoretical Science

Stephen Wolfram

Events are like functions, whose “arguments” are incoming tokens, and whose output is one or more outgoing tokens. In physics, energy (and mass) act as a “source of gravity”. In general relativity, the singularity theorems say that when there’s “enough energy or mass” it’s inevitable that a singularity will be formed.

Physics 66
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Multicomputation: A Fourth Paradigm for Theoretical Science

Stephen Wolfram

Events are like functions, whose “arguments” are incoming tokens, and whose output is one or more outgoing tokens. In physics, energy (and mass) act as a “source of gravity”. In general relativity, the singularity theorems say that when there’s “enough energy or mass” it’s inevitable that a singularity will be formed.

Science 64