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How Did We Get Here? The Tangled History of the Second Law of Thermodynamics

Stephen Wolfram

Already the steam-engine works our mines, impels our ships, excavates our ports and our rivers, forges iron, fashions wood, grinds grain, spins and weaves our cloths, transports the heaviest burdens, etc. It appears that it must some day serve as a universal motor, and be substituted for animal power, water-falls, and air currents.

Energy 89
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LLM Tech and a Lot More: Version 13.3 of Wolfram Language and Mathematica

Stephen Wolfram

Line, Surface and Contour Integration “Find the integral of the function ” is a typical core thing one wants to do in calculus. But particularly in applications of calculus, it’s common to want to ask slightly more elaborate questions, like “What’s the integral of over the region ?”, or “What’s the integral of along the line ?”

Computer 119
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Computational Foundations for the Second Law of Thermodynamics

Stephen Wolfram

Sometimes textbooks will gloss over everything; sometimes they’ll give some kind of “common-sense-but-outside-of-physics argument”. Once one has the idea of “equilibrium”, one can then start to think of its properties as purely being functions of certain parameters—and this opens up all sorts of calculus-based mathematical opportunities.

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Five Most Productive Years: What Happened and What’s Next

Stephen Wolfram

In the end—after all sorts of philosophical arguments, and an analysis of actual historical data —the answer was: “It’s Complicated”. A test example coming soon is whether I can easily explain math ideas like algebra and calculus this way.) OK, so that’s a lot of projects.

Physics 112
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Even beyond Physics: Introducing Multicomputation as a Fourth General Paradigm for Theoretical Science

Stephen Wolfram

Events are like functions, whose “arguments” are incoming tokens, and whose output is one or more outgoing tokens. And the same issue arose for Alonzo Church’s lambda calculus (introduced around 1930). At the level of individual events, ideas from the theory and practice of computation are useful. One is so-called Böhm trees.

Physics 65
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Multicomputation: A Fourth Paradigm for Theoretical Science

Stephen Wolfram

Events are like functions, whose “arguments” are incoming tokens, and whose output is one or more outgoing tokens. And the same issue arose for Alonzo Church’s lambda calculus (introduced around 1930). At the level of individual events, ideas from the theory and practice of computation are useful. One is so-called Böhm trees.

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The Concept of the Ruliad

Stephen Wolfram

But what about other models of computation—like cellular automata or register machines or lambda calculus? And we can trace the argument for this to the Principle of Computational Equivalence. We’ve talked about building up the ruliad using Turing machines. A very important claim about the ruliad is that it’s unique.

Physics 117